Articles

Grading on a curve explained: the top-score, scaling, square-root, and bell curve methods, with worked examples, z-scores, and fairness notes.

Learn how to read D&D dice notation like 2d6+3, find the average of any roll, see why 7 is the top 2d6 total, and what advantage is worth.

Learn how bowling scoring works: strike and spare bonuses, the tenth frame, why 300 is perfect, all spares for 190, and how league handicap is figured.

Learn how Elo ratings work: the expected score formula, the K-factor, how wins, draws and losses change your rating, and what a rating gap means.

Add VAT by multiplying the net price by 1 plus the rate. Remove it by dividing the gross by 1 plus the rate. Worked examples, rates and common mistakes.

Compare renting and buying over the same stay. Count closing, selling and ownership costs, lost returns and equity, then find the break-even year.

A hex color code packs red, green and blue into six base-16 digits. Learn to read #RRGGBB, convert it to RGB, and use shorthand and alpha.

Unix time counts the seconds since January 1, 1970 UTC. Learn how to read a timestamp, spot milliseconds, handle time zones, and why 2038 matters.

Learn the seven Roman numeral letters, the six subtractive pairs, why the standard system stops at 3999, and how to read or write any year by hand.

Runway is cash divided by net monthly burn. Learn gross vs net burn, how revenue growth changes the math, and what default alive means.